ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืข"ื™
Economics

ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืฉื™ืฃ: ืฉื•ืง ื”ืฉื•ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ื›ืืŸ

ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื”. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื›ื ื™.

ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ืฉื•ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ ืคืขื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื ื•ืชืจืช ื—ืœืฉื”, ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื•ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืžื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ื–ื”ื‘ ืžื•ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืกืจ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื›ืช.

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืข"ื™
ืฉืชืฃ
ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืฉื™ืฃ: ืฉื•ืง ื”ืฉื•ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ื›ืืŸ

ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืฉื™ืฃ: ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžืฉื•ืง ืฉื•ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘

ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื•ืชื•ืžืš ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืง ื—ืกืจ ื”ืชืงื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืง ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช X ื‘-20 ื‘ืžืจืฅ. ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ:

ื–ื”ื• ืฉื•ืง ืฉื•ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืขื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื”ื—ืœืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.

ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืขื‘ืจ ืืช ืจืฃ $3,000 ืœืื•ื ืงื™ื”, ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืกืคืงื ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื”, ื›ืžื• ืž-$3,035 ืœ-$3,028, ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื™ื™ื”, ืฉืœื“ืขืชื• ื ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืžื•ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืกืจ ื’ื ืื ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.

ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ื•ืกืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื—ืœืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ:

ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืขื•ืœื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืง ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื™ื—ืœืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื ืฉืืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-$3,000, ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜. ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ืฃ, ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืืœื”, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืขืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื•ืก ื‘ืฉื•ืง.

ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘, ืฉื™ืฃ ื ื™ืชื— ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืžื“ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ:

ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ืžืื– 31 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ, 2000, ื”-S&P ื™ืจื“ ื‘-60% ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘. ื–ื”ื• ืฉื•ืง ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™.

ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฃ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘, ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืฉื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคืชื• ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื” ืฉื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ืขืจืš ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.

ืชื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื” ื–ื•