ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืข"ื™
Economics

ืจื™ื™ ื“ืœื™ื• ืžื ืชื— ืืช ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืขืจืš ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื• ืžืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืจื–ืจื‘ื•ืช

ื”ืื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืจื–ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืื™ืฅ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงืจื™ืคื˜ื• ื•ื–ื”ื‘, ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื“ืงื™ื ื”ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขืžื™ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื‘ืจื™ื“ื’โ€™ื•ื•ื˜ืจ ืืกื•ืกื™ื™ื˜ืก, ืจื™ื™ ื“ืœื™ื•.

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืข"ื™
ืฉืชืฃ
ืจื™ื™ ื“ืœื™ื• ืžื ืชื— ืืช ื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืขืจืš ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื• ืžืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืจื–ืจื‘ื•ืช

ืจื™ื™ ื“ืœื™ื• ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืฅ ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™โ€”ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื• ื ื”ื ื” ืžื›ืš

ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื‘ืจื™ื“ื’โ€™ื•ื•ื˜ืจ ืืกื•ืกื™ื™ื˜ืก, ืจื™ื™ ื“ืœื™ื•, ืฉื™ืชืฃ ื‘ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช X ื‘-2 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื”โ€ืคื™ื™ื ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืžืกโ€ ื™ืฆืจื• ืžืฆื’ ืฉื•ื•ื ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื• ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืœืื•ืช. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื“ื™ื•ืง, ื”ื•ื ืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžืœื•ืื”, ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื›ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืจื–ืจื‘ื™ ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื”ื‘, ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช. ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื• ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชื ืื™ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื—ืจื™ืคื™ื, ื’ื ื‘ืืจื”โ€ื‘ ื•ื’ื ืืฆืœ ืžื ืคื™ืงื™ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืจื–ืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืคื™ืื˜ ื•ืžืื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช.

ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืœ ื”ืื ื”ื“ื”-ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจื–ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื“ืœื™ื• ื”ืฉื™ื‘:

ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจืข ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื•ืฉืืจ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืจื–ืจื‘ื” ื›ืื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืจื–ืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ, ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืชื•ืจื ืœืขืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื.

ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ืฉืœ, ื•ืœื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื“ืœื™ื• ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืงื™ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืฆืคื” ืฉืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ืชืงืœื• ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื™ื. ื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื.

ื“ืœื™ื• ื’ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื• ืชื•ืคืก ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืกืฃ ื”ืคื™ืื˜. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ:

ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื• ื”ื•ื ื›ืขืช ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ืฆืข ืฉืœื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ, ื›ืš, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื, ืื ื”ื™ืฆืข ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื™ืขืœื” ื•/ืื• ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื• ื™ื™ืจื“, ื–ื” ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื• ืœืžื˜ื‘ืข ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.

โ€œืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืื˜, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืœื• ืขื ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื™ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืจื“ื• ื‘ืขืจื›ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 1930 ืœ-1940 ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 1970 ืœ-1980,โ€ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื‘ืจื™ื“ื’โ€™ื•ื•ื˜ืจ ืืกื•ืกื™ื™ื˜ืก.

ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืช ื”ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืกื•ืช ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช, ื“ืœื™ื• ืจืžื– ืฉื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงืจื™ืคื˜ื• ื•ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืคื™ืื˜ ื ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืขื•ืžืกื™ ื—ื•ื‘ ืžื•ืคืจื–ื™ื. ื”ืขืจื•ืชื™ื• ื—ื™ื–ืงื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื ื›ืกื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™.

ืชื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื” ื–ื•