ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืข"ื™
Economics

ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืงื™ื•ืกืืงื™ ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื ืžื—ืง, ืงื•ืจื ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ

ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื”. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื›ื ื™.

ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืงื™ื•ืกืืงื™ ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื ืžื—ืง, ื•ืงื•ืจื ืœืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืื•ืžืจื• ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื—ื•ืคืฉ.

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืข"ื™
ืฉืชืฃ
ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืงื™ื•ืกืืงื™ ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื ืžื—ืง, ืงื•ืจื ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ

ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืงื™ื•ืกืืงื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืื’ ื›ืฉื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื ืžื—ืง

ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืงื™ื•ืกืืงื™, ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ืขืฉื™ืจ ืื‘ื ืขื ื™, ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืคื ื” ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืœื”ืชืจืขื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ืขื ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื• ืฉืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-50 ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžืกืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ืกืืงื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืงื”ืœ ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.

ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜ ืฉืคืจืกื ื‘ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช X ื‘-13 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ, ืงื™ื•ืกืืงื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื: ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื›ืกืฃ, ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืš ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘:

ืื ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœื–ื”ื‘, ืœื›ืกืฃ ื•ืœื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ. ืžื” ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื›ื? ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื›ืกืฃ ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืื’.

โ€œืืชื ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื?โ€ ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืœื• ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืื–ื”ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ โ€œื ื‘ื•ืืช ืื‘ื ืขืฉื™ืจโ€, โ€œืžื™ ื’ื ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคื ืกื™ื” ืฉืœื™โ€ ื•-โ€œืžื–ื•ื™ืฃโ€. โ€œื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช ื”ืขื ืง ื”ื’ื™ืขื”,โ€ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื–.

ื‘ืชืืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื”ืชืจืฉืœื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช, ืงื™ื•ืกืืงื™ ื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจ. ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืงืžืขื•ื ืื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืกื›ื ื™ื ื ื“ื—ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืชื—ืช ืกื“ืจ ื™ื•ื ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ:

ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื—ืช ื•ื”ืขืงื•ื‘ ื ืžื—ืง.

ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืชโ€”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืœื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื (BIS), ื‘ื ืง ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื‘ื ืง ื™ืคืŸ, ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ (ECB) ื•ื”ืคื“ืจืœ ืจื™ื–ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืืจื”โ€ื‘โ€”ื›ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื™ืืจ ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ. โ€œื—ืกื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ืื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘, ืงืจื ื•ืช ืกืœ ื•ืงืจื ื•ืช ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื ืžื—ืงื™ืโ€ฆ ืขื•ืฉืจื ื ื’ื ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจื˜ืœ ื‘ื ืงืื™ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืจืฉืข,โ€ ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ. โ€œื”ืื ืืชื ืœื โ€˜ืคื“ืจืœื™ื™ืโ€™? ืื ื ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื›ื. ื–ื” ืœื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™.โ€

ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืœืคืขื•ืœื”, ืงื™ื•ืกืืงื™ ื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ื›ืกื™ื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•:

ืืœื• ืฉื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ื–ื”ื‘, ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื”ื–ื”โ€ฆ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.

ืžืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ืขืจื›ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืกื•ืจืชื™, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉืžืžื•ืžื ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช. ื›ืžืฆื“ื“ ื•ื•ืชื™ืง ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจื™ื, ืงื™ื•ืกืืงื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืงื•ื™ืŸ ื›โ€ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื,โ€ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื“ืคืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืคื™ืื˜ ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ืกื“ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืคืขืœื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ื”, ืืœื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”.

ืชื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื” ื–ื•