ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืข"ื™
Economics

ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ืžืžืฉื‘ืจ ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘-2008 ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื›ืกื™ื, ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื“ืจืœ ืจื™ื–ืจื‘ ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื

ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืคื•ืจืกื ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื”. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื›ื ื™.

ืชืขืจื™ืคื™ื, ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”, ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืจืงื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ืงื™ื ื•ื“ื•ืœืจ ื ื—ืœืฉ ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืงืจื™ืกื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ 2008.

ื ื›ืชื‘ ืข"ื™
ืฉืชืฃ
ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ืžืžืฉื‘ืจ ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘-2008 ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื›ืกื™ื, ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื“ืจืœ ืจื™ื–ืจื‘ ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื

ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืฉื™ืฃ: ืืจื”โ€ื‘ ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ืœืงืจื™ืกื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ืฉื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื

ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื•ืชื•ืžืš ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืื–ื”ืจื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื™, ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืืจื”โ€ื‘ ืขืœ ืกืฃ ืืกื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ 2008. ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืฃ ืืช ื—ืฉืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช X, ืฉื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžืกืžื ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืฆืจื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืกื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืžืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-15 ืฉื ื”, ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืื•ืชื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘.

ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืชืขืจื™ืคื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ืคืจื™ืขื• ืœื–ืจืžื™ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ:

ืชืขืจื™ืคื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื™ืฆืื•. ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื• ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

โ€œื–ื• ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ืขืœื• ื‘ื—ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื”โ€ื‘ ื™ื’ื‘ืจ, ืžื” ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ื’ื ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœืขืœื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื’ืจืขื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจ ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืื’โ€ื— ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—,โ€ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ.

ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ืคื’ืขื• ืงืฉื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืกืงืœื™ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื”: โ€œืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื™ื—ืœื™ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉื™ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœื ืฉืœ ื’ืจืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™. ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ ืžืก ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื™ื—ืžื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืจืง ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื’ืจืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื ื’ื ื™ื“ืœืงื• ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืืกืคืงืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืคื•ื—ืชืช.โ€

ืฉื™ืฃ ื’ื ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืคื“ืจืœ ืจื™ื–ืจื‘ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืœื”ืื˜ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื”, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืงืœื” ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ืจืง ืชื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ.

โ€œื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ, ืžื” ืฉื™ื—ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืขืจื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœืืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ,โ€ ืืžืจ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ื”ื–ื”ื‘. โ€œื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื“ื•ืœืจ ื—ืœืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื’ืจืขื•ื ื•ืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืคืขื™ืœื• ืœื—ืฅ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ืฉโ€™ื”ืคื“โ€™ ื™ื ืกื” ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ืงืœื” ื›ืžื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ืžืฉืœื™ืš ื“ืœืง ืขืœ ืืฉ ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ืขืจืช.โ€ ืฉื™ืฃ ืกื™ื›ื:

ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื˜ื’ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื. ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข.

ืชื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื” ื–ื•